The purpose of this research was to find different patterns of Word-formation meaning of German nouns ending in -(er)ei. These patterns, despite being not very productive at the present time, are of great importance for understanding the meanings of Words in a diverse range of derived Words. The data and initial research findings of this study were in line with German references on the issue. Secondary findings constitute the results of the present research. Choosing any of the varieties of -ei and- erei depends on the last phoneme of the verbal or nominal stem. Nouns ending in the suffix -(er)ei benefit from different patterns of Word- formation meaning, for instance, action nouns, consequence nouns, locative nouns and collective nouns. Each case may contain one or more patterns of the Word-formation meaning. In addition to the original meaning, action nouns may also be used for a pejorative connotation.

The interaction between syntax and Word-formation has been of great theoretical significance in the past four decades. The question that is now raised is as follows: is Word-formation an independent module, or should it be subsumed under syntax?Considering Word-formation processes in Persian, this article is an attempt to provide a number of facts in favour of the existence of an independent Word-formation component. These facts are:1. A great number of complex Words in Persian are headless, contrary to the syntactic phrases.2. A great number of the Persian compounds have meanings which are predictable, yet different from their compositional meanings.3. The syntactic category of a large number of the Persian compounds is different from that of their constituent Words.4. The derivational suffix “-i”, while added to nouns, may make adjectives or nouns, according to which we need to devide the Persian nouns into two subgroups. But this distinction is irrelevant in syntax.5. The Persian inflectional morphemes do not occur inside compounds.6. Compounds and syntactic phrases have different stress patterns.

This article is focused on the comparative analysis of the intensifying Word-formation units in languages with different structures as part of the field approach. The field approach allows revealing divergences and similarities of the intensifying Word-formation units in Russian and German languages as a part of the profound study of the functional and semantic nature of intensifying formants and the complex analysis of the pragmatic potential of the substantive derivatives formed with the help of intensifying Word-formation units in original and translated texts. We developed the definition of an intensification field in Russian and German languages. These fields indicate quantitative and semantic divergences at the Word-formation level of the category in Russian and German languages and allow referring the intensifying Word-formation units to the nuclear and peripheral zones of intensification fields in Russian and German languages. We can also observe the units of a certain level of the target language, which correspond to the Word-formation units of the source language when the equivalent formants in the target language do not exist.

Introduction :  The learning of German language vocabulary can be investigated from two points of view: "meaning and morphological structure". There are different ways to expand the vocabulary, most of the new Words are created by Word building method. Since the German language is rich in derivational and compound Words, One of the suggested strategies for better learning German vocabulary is teaching vocabulary based on the Word-formation knowledge. The two main forms of Word formation in the German language are "compounds and derivatives" which make up a wide range of German Words, Therefore, the importance of learning German vocabulary based on identifying the root of the Word and using morphology becomes more visible. The research problem is that  whether there is a relationship between the teachings of morphology and etymology in learning and expanding potential German vocabulary for the learner of this language? This research aims to measure the effect of using morphological and etymological teachings in increasing the learning of potential German vocabulary. The hypotheses  of  this  research  are  that  etymological  and  morphological  teachings  help  the learner  to  analyze  and  understand  the  meaning  of  new  Words  and  also  help  the  learner  to effectively store  and expand new German Words in memory.   Background of the Study: There are various theories in vocabulary acquisition according to experts such as Rainer Bohn, Bernd-Dietrich Müller  and others, which  Wolfgang Hallet and Frank G. Königs collected in their vocabulary acquisition chapter, including learning Words in the text, classifying Words in different situations,  and synonymous and opposite categories, etc, but what this research deals with is the potential vocabulary and the  importance of teaching the rules of Word formation in vocabulary lessons. According to Rainer Bohn, it is one of the vocabulary acquisition strategies.  because if the learner is familiar with the rules of Word formation, It will also have the ability to infer the meaning of many unknown Words. And this  means  that  when  faced  with  many  new  Words,  he  tries  to  guess  the  meaning  of those Words and less needs to refer to the dictionary.                                                                                                                      Methodologie:  For this purpose, an experimental method was used, And it is analytical-field type, during which two identical groups of German translation students were tested.To compare the two groups, their class scores were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test. The result of the Mann-Whitney test showed that there is no significant difference between the scores of the two groups at the five percent level, which means that the two groups were equal and at the same level before the test. Then the vocabulary test was held for two groups. Data analysis in this method  is for applying the right statistical or logical technique so that the raw data makes sense.                                              conclusion : Vocabulary test results of both groups showed that the vocabulary of the students who learned vocabulary By identifying the root of the Word, morphology and Word formation rules was wider than the control group.Thus the test results based on statistical analysis and the T-test were checked. In the T-test, the comparison of the average scores of the two groups is significant at the significant level of one percent, and this itself shows a significant difference between the results of the two groups. The result of the statistical analysis on the experiments as well as the hypotheses of the research evaluates the answers to the research questions positively. Therefore, the results of the research show the positive effect of vocabulary analysis in learning and expanding potential German vocabulary.

Native speakers represent new concepts by semantic expansion or by creating new lexemes based on their language intuition. Usually unconscious Word-formation is phonologically unmarked; therefore, there is a direct relation between the unmarkedness of the phonological structure of the lexemes and their frequencies. Based on the statistical analysis of 500000 Persian Words, this study tries to give the spectrum of markedness in phonological structure and phonotactics of the lexemes. The findings of this study illustrate that in conscious Word-formation if the newly formed Word benefits an unmarked phonological structure, the native speakers will welcome it. Otherwise, conscious Word-formation, at least phonologically, will not be successful.

This article studies the relationship between Lexicon & morphology. Then it deals with the production of potential and existed Words and also their situation in language. In this essay we see the frequency of regular and irregular Words. Morphological productivity is also studied quantitatively and qualitatively. At the end the relationship between frequency & productivity and then frequency & pragmatics are studied.

The importance of Words in speech and writing is so much so that in the absence of Words, it would be impossible to talk, converse or communicate with others. At the same time, not every Word will create or maintain a connection. Improper and misleading use of Words may even lead to a loss of verbal or written communication with misunderstanding.Since so far most of the researches have been done on how to practice vocabulary, due to the importance of using the right vocabulary and lexical combinations in conveying and communicating with the audience and in order to improve and upgrade the educational level of German language teaching institutions, this article examines the errors of Iranian language learners in grade B from the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR).The criterion for this study is a field study conducted at the beginning of 2019 in one of the German educational institutions. This study shows the type and amount of mistakes of Iranian adult language learners in using German language

The new millennium is the age of new technologies and concepts - hence the need for coining equivalents in other languages. This article deals with the potentialities and abilities of Persian language in Word formation. The first part points to the inherent features of Persian language concerning Word formation. The second part deals with the essential Word formation processes, i.e. compounding and derivation and those of secondary importance: coinage, acronym, borrowing, blending, semantic expanding, reanalysis, zero derivation, back formation, clipping, analogy … . Finally it is concluded that Iranians suffer from neologophobia, fear of coining new terms, as the biggest obstacle to be overcome.

One of the social groups who are reluctant to disclose their secrets of conversations with others are prisoners, whose unwillingness leads to the production of a type of prison language. The Researchers have collected new terms used by prisoners for various purposes and they have studied them in terms of phonemic representation. The research is fieldwork and data is gathered in way of having direct contact with participants. The data of the research were based on conversations of 50 male members of the group who have been in prison for more than 10 years in prison in Tehran province. Finally, a total of around 600 Words and special terms of the prison were collected. After analyzing the data, the researchers concluded that the environment and conditions affecting the prisoners influence on prisoners' speeches. Phonological changes occur in their speeches. The Word making processes are: coinage, repetition, shortening, acronym, curtailing, compounding and borrowing. Among the phonological processes the most frequent one is related to coinage.